For questions 1-15, read the extract from the story and complete the tasks.

Use these verbs in their new forms – finite (tense, mood, number, person) and non-finite (infinitive, gerund, participle) – and complete the gaps.

commence

experiment

lead

revere

see

Use these stems in new lexemes – with the help of prefixes, suffixes, conversion – and complete the gaps.

access

classic

interconnect

romantic

scholar

Think of ONE word to fill each of the remaining gaps.

The evolution of literary genres has been shaped by many social, cultural, and historical factors. Literature was first classified into genres in ancient times. Epic poetry and tragedies were written in the 1.....era, with the works of Homer and Sophocles, for example, being widely studied and 2...... Over the centuries, various genres, such as the novel, drama, and poetry, have developed and 3.....influenced by changing political and societal norms.

In the Middle Ages, the clergy 4......committed to preserving many of the Latin and Greek texts, making them 5.....to future generations. The role of the church in the development of literature was significant, especially with the translation of texts from and into Latin, which was used as the primary language for 6.....writing.

By the Renaissance, writers 7....to experiment with different styles, and the invention of the printing press 8......to the widespread distribution of books. The novel, a genre that would become central in the modern era, 9.....to be introduced in the 17th century with works such as Don Quixote by Cervantes.

In the 18th century, the rise of the middle class gave 10......to the development of new genres. The novel was further developed, 11.....writers such as Samuel Richardson and Jane Austen making significant contributions to the genre. Societal issues were explored through literature, and the rise of satire also marked this period: Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels is considered one of the most prominent works of the time.

The 19th century 12......the flourishing of the novel as a dominant genre. The authors like Victor Hugo, Charles Dickens, and Leo Tolstoy are among the most celebrated novelists of this era. 13....., a movement that valued emotion over reason, influenced poetry and prose. Authors blended the personal with the political, exploring themes such as industrialization, class struggles, and human rights. This period also witnessed the rise of Gothic fiction, exemplified by Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and Bram Stoker’s Dracula, which combined elements of horror, mystery, and the supernatural.

Over time, literary forms have continued to evolve. Writers are now used to 14.....with new forms and incorporating influences from other artistic media. The advent of mass media in the 20th century is a driving force behind the expansion of genres like science fiction and detective fiction.

The 21st century has brought further developments in genres. Digital literature and interactive storytelling are not uncommon any more. Genres are continuously transformed by technological innovations, social changes, and global 15......

Overall, literary genres have adapted to new cultural and technological challenges and opportunities, and their evolution is likely to continue as society progresses. This adaptability of literary genres is part of what makes literature such a dynamic and important form of human expression.